Effect of handling, time of use and photoactivation on the contamination of dental composite resins

This study evaluated the effect of contamination of composite resins (CRs) handled by undergraduate students during restorative procedures, varying the time (baseline, 30 days and 60 days) and experimental condition (before and after handling, contamination with saliva [positive control] and photoactivation). Eight CR tubes were randomly distributed at the dental clinic and the samples were organized into four groups: CR fragments collected before (GB) and after (GA) the restorative procedure; CR fragments contaminated with saliva (GS) and photoactivated (GP) both collected after the procedure. These 4 groups were evaluated in 3 different times: baseline (after sealing), 30 days and 60 days of use of the CR. Samples that had positive turbidity in Brain HeartInfusion (BHI) broth were sown in BHI and Sabouraud Dextrose (SB) agars for subsequent counting of Colony Forming Units (CFU mL-1). The results showed that the handling was responsible for increasing contamination (p < 0.05) at the baseline (GB [n = 0] and GA [n = 3]), as well as after 30 (GB [n = 1] and GA [n = 6]) and 60 (GB [n = 1] and GA [n = 5]) days of use. Photoactivation was responsible for the reduction for microorganisms in T0 and T60. Additionally, the time use and conservation did not influencethe contamination of CRs. Handling was responsible for the increase of contamination of CR, the photoactivation seems to reduce the number of viable microorganisms and the time of use seems not to potentiate the effect of tube contamination.

Effect of Light-Curing Unit Type and Bulk-Fill Composite Resins with Different Photoinitiators on Marginal Gaps of Class II Restorations

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of two types of light-curing units (second and third generations) and two types of bulk-fill composite resins with different photoinitiators - Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TNCB) and Xtra Fil (XTF) on gap formation at the gingival margins of Cl II restorations. Material and Methods: Fifty-six standard Cl II cavities were prepared on the mesial and distal surfaces of premolar teeth, with the gingival margin of the cavities 1 mm apical to the CEJ. The samples were randomly assigned to two groups based on the composite resin type and two subgroups based on the light-curing unit type and restored. After 5000 rounds of thermocycling, gingival margin gap in each sample was measured in µm under an electron microscope at ×2000 magnification. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (α=0.05). Results: Marginal gaps of TNCB composite resin were significantly smaller than those of XTF composite resin (p<0.001). There were no significant differences between the two light-curing units in each group (p=0.887 with XTF and p=0.999 with TNCB). Conclusion: The gaps at gingival margins of Cl II cavities with TNCB bulk-fill composite were smaller than XTF composite resin. Both composite resins can be cured with both the second- and third-generation LEDs (AU).

Effect of Light Curing Modes on the Color Stability of a Nanohybrid Composite Immersed in Different Beverages / Efecto de diferentes modos de fotopolimerización en la estabilidad del color de una resina compuesta nanohíbrida inmersa en diferentes bebidas

Abstract: Aim: Sufficient polymerization remains as crucial for composites to prevent discoloration. Both LEDs and halogen units are used for polymerization and different curing modes are improved to overcome inadequate polymerization. This in vitro study investigated staining susceptibility of a nano-hybrid resin composite light-cured in different modes and immersed in different staining media. Methods: Disc-shaped specimens were prepared from nano-hybrid resin composite (Filtek Z550) and light- cured according to following modes: Halojen (GI), LED standard (GII), LED pulse (GIII) or LED ramp (GIV). Half of the specimens of each group (n=7) were stored in one of the staining media (red wine or coffee) for 10 min/day during experimental period. Measurements were performed using spectrophotometer according to CIEL*a*b system at baseline and on 7, 28 and 56 days. Colour differences (∆E) between groups were submitted to statistical analysis. Results: Regarding 7-day evaluation, colour change values of specimens immersed in coffee revealed no remarkable difference among curing modes (p>0.05); whereas specimens in GIV were significantly less stained compared to specimens in GII and GIII when immersed in red wine. Regarding 56- days of evaluation, specimens of GIV showed statistically significant colour change in red wine compared to other groups. However specimens in GI revealed the least staining after 56-days of coffee immersion, and this result was statistically different from LED groups. Conclusion: This study suggest that light-curing mode influences the staining susceptibility of the tested composite. Composites polymerized with halogen unit showed lower staining than all LED modes. Despite novel light sources, halogen units may still used reliably at clinics.

Resumen: Objetivo: La polimerización suficiente sigue siendo crucial para que los compuestos eviten la decoloración. Tanto los LED como las unidades halógenas se utilizan para la polimerización y se mejoran los diferentes modos de curado para superar la polimerización inadecuada. Este estudio in vitro investigó la susceptibilidad a la tinción de un compuesto de resina nano-híbrida curado a la luz en diferentes modos y se sumergió en diferentes medios de tinción. Métodos: Las muestras en forma de disco se prepararon a partir de un compuesto de resina nano-híbrida (Filtek Z550) y se curaron con luz de acuerdo con los siguientes modos: Halojen (GI), estándar de LED (GII), pulso de LED (GIII) o rampa de LED (GIV). La mitad de las muestras de cada grupo (n = 7) se almacenaron en uno de los medios de tinción (vino tinto o café) durante 10 minutos / día durante el período experimental. Las mediciones se realizaron utilizando un espectrofotómetro de acuerdo con el sistema CIEL * a * b en la línea de base y en 7, 28 y 56 días. Las diferencias de color (∆E) entre los grupos se sometieron a análisis estadístico. Resultados: Con respecto a la evaluación de 7 días, los valores de cambio de color de las muestras sumergidas en café no revelaron diferencias notables entre los modos de curado (p> 0.05); mientras que las muestras en GIV se tiñeron significativamente menos en comparación con las muestras en GII y GIII cuando se sumergieron en vino tinto. Con respecto a los 56 días de evaluación, las muestras de GIV mostraron un cambio de color estadísticamente significativo en el vino tinto en comparación con otros grupos. Sin embargo, las muestras en GI revelaron la menor tinción después de 56 días de inmersión en el café, y este resultado fue estadísticamente diferente de los grupos LED. Conclusión: este estudio sugiere que el modo de fotopolimerización influye en la susceptibilidad de tinción del material compuesto probado. Los compuestos polimerizados con una unidad halógena mostraron una tinción más baja que todos los modos LED. A pesar de las nuevas fuentes de luz, las unidades halógenas todavía pueden usarse de manera confiable en las clínicas.

Light curing in dentistry and clinical implications: a literature review

Abstract Contemporary dentistry literally cannot be performed without use of resin-based restorative materials. With the success of bonding resin materials to tooth structures, an even wider scope of clinical applications has arisen for these lines of products. Understanding of the basic events occurring in any dental polymerization mechanism, regardless of the mode of activating the process, will allow clinicians to both better appreciate the tremendous improvements that have been made over the years, and will also provide valuable information on differences among strategies manufacturers use to optimize product performance, as well as factors under the control of the clinician, whereby they can influence the long-term outcome of their restorative procedures.

Técnicas para reduzir os efeitos da contração de polimerização das resinas compostas fotoativadas / Techniques for reducing the effects of polymerization shrinkage of composites photoactivated resins

Introdução: uma complicação inerente a todas as resinas compostas é o stress gerado pela contração de polimerização. As resinas compostas da atualidade, após a polimerização, perdem entre 2% a 3% de todo o seu volume. Essa perda pode acarretar em alterações fortemente comprometedoras a nível micro e macroscópico. Objetivo: abordar a importância do uso de técnicas e manobras clínicas, que visam diminuir a contração de polimerização das resinas compostas, reduzindo seus efeitos na cavidade, para que se tenha um procedimento restaurador com elevado índice de sucesso clínico e boa aceitação pelos pacientes. Material e Métodos: foi realizada uma revisão da literatura por meio de uma busca bibliográfica nas seguintes bases de pesquisa online: PUBMED/MEDLINE, LILACS, BBO e SCIENCE DIRECT, através do rastreio de artigos relevantes publicados entre o período de 2000 a 2015. Resultados: comparando as formas de ativação dos compósitos, os compósitos fotopolimerizáveis possuem um menor escoamento e maior stress de contração se comparados a compósitos com ativação química, isso se dá devido à fotoativação que se destaca por ser uma reação rápida quando comparada a outros métodos, não dispondo de tempo para a resina se acomodar na cavidade e ter uma boa interação com o sistema adesivo previamente aplicado, levando a grande parte dos problemas clínicos das restaurações. Conclusão: questionamentos sobre os efeitos da contração de polimerização, ainda não foram completamente elucidados no meio científico, por isso algumas técnicas como a escolha de fotopolimerizadores a LED, manutenção da fase pré gel, manutenção do Fator C e técnica de inserção incremental, podem ser usadas para minimizar os efeitos dessa contração nas restaurações feitas com resina, afim de reduzir insucessos como, sensibilidade pós operatória, infiltração marginal e riscos de agressão pulpar levando a uma maior longevidade dos procedimentos restauradores com materiais resinosos. (AU)

Introduction: a complication inherent in all composite resins is the stress generated by the polymerization contraction. The present composite resins, after polymerization, lose between 2% and 3% of their entire volume. This loss can lead to strongly compromising micro and macroscopic changes. Objective: to address the importance of using technical and clinical maneuvers, which aim to reduce polymerization shrinkage of composite resins, reducing its effects in the cavity, in order to have a restorative procedure with high clinical success rate and good patient acceptance. Material and Methods: a review of the literature through a literature search in the following search online databases was performed: PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, BBO and SCIENCE DIRECT, through the screening of relevant articles published between 2000 to 2015. Results: comparing both activation of composites, the dental composites have a lower flow and higher stress of contraction compared to composites with chemical activation, this is the due to photoactivation that stands out for being a quick reaction when compared to other methods, not providing time for the resin to settle in well and have a good interaction with the previously applied adhesive system, leading to much of the clinical problems of restorations. Conclusion: questions about the effects of polymerization shrinkage have not been fully elucidated in the scientific community, so some techniques such as the choice of curing lights to LED, the pre gel phase maintenance, maintenance of Factor C and incremental insertion technique can It is used to minimize the effects of this contraction in restorations made with resin in order to reduce failures as post-operative sensitivity, microleakage and pulp assault risks leading to increased longevity of restorative procedures with resinous materials. (AU)

Changes in irradiance and energy density in relation to different curing distances

The present study aimed to assess the influence of curing distance on the loss of irradiance and power density of four curing light devices. The behavior in terms of power density of four different dental curing devices was analyzed (Valo, Elipar 2, Radii-Cal, and Optilux-401) using three different distances of photopolymerization (0 mm, 4 mm, and 8 mm). All devices had their power density measured using a MARC simulator. Ten measurements were made per device at each distance. The total amount of energy delivered and the required curing time to achieve 16 J/cm2 of energy was also calculated. Data were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s tests (p < 0.05). The curing distance significantly interfered with the loss of power density for all curing light devices, with the farthest distance generating the lowest power density and consequently the longer time to achieve an energy density of 16 J/cm2 (p < 0.01). Comparison of devices showed that Valo, in extra power mode, showed the best results at all distances, followed by Valo in high power mode, Valo in standard mode, Elipar 2, Radii-Cal, and Optilux-401 halogen lamp (p < 0.01). These findings indicate that all curing lights induced a significant loss of irradiance and total energy when the light was emitted farther from the probe. The Valo device in extra power mode showed the highest power density and the shortest time to achieve an energy density of 16 J/cm2 at all curing distances.

Prototype of a new tip developed to be coupled to dental light-curing units for optimizing bonding of orthodontic brackets and accessories

OBJECTIVE: development of a new device to be coupled to light-curing units for bonding orthodontic brackets and accessories, and test its efficacy in an in vitro mechanical trial. The inner surface of the device is mirrored and is based on physical concepts of light refraction and reflection. The main advantage of such device is the reduced clinical time needed for bonding and the low possibility of contamination during the process. METHODS: One hundred and twenty specimens were used for testing the shear bond strength of brackets bonded with the device. The Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) was also determined. The sample was divided into 2 groups. In group 1 a halogen light-curing unit was used while in group 2 a led light-curing unit was used. Each group was then subdivided. In subgroups H1 and L1, a conventional light guide rod was used while in subgroups H2 and L2 bonding was performed with the mirrored device coupled to the tip of the guide light rod. RESULTS: The values obtained for the shear bond strength and the ARI in the subgroups were compared. Results showed that there was no statistically significant difference for the shear strength (p > 0.05) and the ARI (p > 0.05) between the subgroups. CONCLUSION: The tests of mechanical trials and the ARI analysis showed that the new device fulfilled the requirements for bonding orthodontic accessories, and that the time for bonding was reduced to half, being necessary only one light exposure.

OBJETIVO: desenvolver uma nova ponteira para ser acoplada aos aparelhos fotopolimerizadores utilizados para colagem de braquetes e acessórios ortodônticos, e testar sua da efetividade em ensaio mecânico in vitro. A ponteira é espelhada na superfície interna e baseia-se em conceitos físicos de refração e reflexão de luz. Apresenta como principal vantagem o menor tempo clínico durante o procedimento de colagem, reduzindo a possibilidade de contaminação durante o processo. MÉTODOS: por meio de ensaio de resistência ao cisalhamento e determinação do índice remanescente de adesivo (IRA), testou-se a ponteira desenvolvida em 120 corpos de prova. A amostra foi dividia em dois grupos. No grupo 1, foi utilizado aparelho fotopolimerizador de fonte de luz halógena e, no grupo 2, fonte de LED. Cada grupo foi subdividido. Nos subgrupos H1 e L1, utilizou-se a ponteira convencional. Nos subgrupos H2 e L2 a colagem foi feita utilizando a ponteira desenvolvida para a polimerização do material de colagem. RESULTADOS: os valores dos testes de cisalhamento e IRA para os subgrupos foram comparados entre si. Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa para o ensaio de resistência ao cisalhamento (p > 0,05) nem para o IRA (p > 0,05) entre os subgrupos. CONCLUSÃO: os testes de ensaio mecânico, assim como a análise do IRA, mostraram que a nova ponteira desenvolvida cumpriu os requisitos necessários à colagem dos acessórios ortodônticos, e que o tempo de colagem foi reduzido pela metade, sendo necessária uma só incidência.

Comparison of Silorane and Methacrylate-Based Composites on the Polymerization Heat Generated with Different Light-Curing Units and Dentin Thicknesses

This study evaluated the temperature variation in the pulp chamber during photoactivation of two restorative composite resins (Filtek P90 silorane-based composite and Heliomolar methacrylate-based composite) with either a quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) or light-emitting diodes (LED) light-curing unit (LCU) and using dentin thicknesses (0.5 and 1.0 mm). Standardized cavities (2x2x2 mm) were prepared in 80 bovine incisors, which were randomly assigned to 8 groups according to the photoactivation method and dentin thickness. Filtek P90 and Heliomolar (both in shade A3) were used with their respective adhesive systems (P90 self-etch primer / P90 adhesive bond and Excite adhesive). All experiments were carried out in a controlled environment (37°C). The temperature variations (°C) were recorded using a digital thermometer attached to a K-type thermocouple. The results were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). For composite/dentin thickness interaction, temperature increase was significantly higher in 0.5 mm dentin thickness (40.07°C) compared with 1.0 mm dentin thickness (39.61°C) for Filtek P90. For composite/LCU interaction, the temperature increase was significantly higher for Filtek P90 (39.21°C - QTH and 40.47°C - LED) compared with Heliomolar (38.40°C - QTH and 39.30°C - LED). The silorane-based composite promoted higher temperature increase in the pulp chamber than the methacrylate-based composite.

Este estudo avaliou a variação de temperatura na câmara pulpar durante a fotoativação de duas resinas compostas (Filtek P90 – compósito à base de silorano e Heliomolar – compósito à base de metacrilato) com as unidades foto-ativadoras (UFs) luz de quartzo-tungstênio-halogênio (QTH) ou diodo emissor de luz (LED) e utilizando espessuras de dentina (0,5 e 1,0 mm). Cavidades padronizadas (2×2×2 mm) foram preparadas em 80 incisivos bovinos, as quais foram aleatoriamente divididas em 8 grupos de acordo com os métodos de fotoativação e espessura da dentina. Filtek P90 e Heliomolar (ambos na cor A3) foram utilizadas com seus respectivos sistemas adesivos (Primer P90 auto-condicionante / adesivo P90 e adesivo Excite). Todos os experimentos foram realizados em um ambiente controlado (37°C). As variações de temperatura (°C) foram mensuradas usando um termômetro digital conectado a um termopar tipo-K. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA e teste de Tukey (α=0,05). Para interação compósito/espessura de dentina, o aumento da temperatura foi estatisticamente superior para a espessura de dentina de 0,5 mm (40,07°C) quando comparado com a espessura de dentina de 1,0 mm (39,61°C) para a Filtek P90. Para a interação compósito/UFs, o aumento de temperatura foi estatisticamente superior para o Filtek P90 (39,21°C – QTH e 40,47°C – LED) quando comparado ao Heliomolar (38,40°C – QTH e 39,30°C – LED). Compósitos à base de silorano promovem maior aumento da temperatura na câmara pulpar em relação aos compósitos à base de metacrilato.

Properties of Composite Materials Used for Bracket Bonding

The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the shear bond strength to enamel, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and contraction stress of one orthodontic composite and two flowable composites. Orthodontic brackets were bonded to 45 human maxillary premolars with the composites Transbond XT, Filtek Z-350 flow and Opallis flow and tested for shear bond strength. For measurement of flexural strength and flexural modulus, specimens were fabricated and tested under flexion. For the contraction stress test, cylindrical specimens were tested and an extensometer determined the height of the specimens. The data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). The shear bond strength values were significantly lower (p<0.05) for the flowable composites compared with the orthodontic composite. For the flexural strength, no statistically significant difference was found among the composites (p>0.05) while the flexural modulus was significantly higher (p<0.05) for Transbond XT than for Filtek Z-350 flow and Opallis flow. The orthodontic composite presented significantly lower contraction stress values than the flowable composites (p<0.05). The light-activated orthodontic composite material presented higher flexural modulus and shear bond strength and lower contraction stress than both flowable composites.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a resistência ao cisalhamento no esmalte, resistência flexural, módulo flexural, tensão de contração de polimerização de duas resinas flow e uma resina ortodôntica. Os bráquetes ortodônticos foram colados em 45 pré-molares humanos e divididos: Transbond XT, Filtek Z-350 flow, Opallis flow e testado para resistência ao cisalhamento (n=15). Para a resistência e módulo flexural espécimes foram confeccionados e testados sob flexão. Para o teste de tensão de contração de polimerização, espécimes cilíndricos foram confeccionados e monitorados com um extensômetro (Instron). Os dados foram submetidos aos testes ANOVA a um critério e Tukey (α=0,05) para contraste de média. (n=15). A resistência de união das resinas flow foram significantemente menos que o da resina ortodôntica (p>0,05). A resistência flexural não demonstrou diferença significante entre os grupos testados (p>0,05). O módulo flexural da resina ortodôntica foi significantemente maior que o grupo das resinas flow (p<0,05). A tensão de contração de polimerização da resina ortodôntica foi significantemente menor (p<0,05). A resina ortodôntica obteve os maiores valores de resistência de união ao cisalhamento, resistência flexural e a menor tensão de contração de polimerização quando comparada as resinas flow testadas.

Effect of light-activation with different light-curing units and time intervals on resin cement bond strength to intraradicular dentin

The aim of this study was to assess the bond strength of a resin cement to intraradicular dentin varying the light-curing unit and the moment at which the light was applied. Post spaces of endodontically treated canines were prepared. The roots were distributed into 6 groups (n=10) according to the light-curing unit and the moment of light exposure: I) Quartz tungsten halogen-600 mW/cm² (QTH) + immediate light activation (t0); II) QTH + light activation after 10 min (t10); III) Light-emitting diodes (LED)-800 mW/cm² (LED-800)+ t0; IV) LED-800 + t10; V) LED-1,500 mW/cm² (LED-1500)+ t0; VI) LED-1500 + t10. After post cementation, slices from coronal, middle and apical post/root regions were submitted to the push-out test and failure evaluation. It was verified that LED-800 (4.40 ± 3.00 MPa) and LED-1500 (4.67 ± 3.04 MPa) provided bond strength statistically superior to QTH (3.13 ± 1.76 MPa) (p<0.05), and did not differ from each other (p>0.05). There was no significant difference between t0 and t10 (p>0.05). Coronal post/root region (4.75 ± 3.10 MPa) presented significantly higher bond strength than the apical (3.32 ± 2.30 MPa) (p<0.05) and middle regions (4.14 ± 2.99 MPa) showed intermediate values. Adhesive failures were predominant when using QTH. Adhesive and mixed failures occurred more frequently in the apical region. Higher adhesion of the resin cement to intraradicular dentin was observed in the coronal region with LED light-activation, regardless of the moment of light exposure.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência de união do cimento resinoso à dentina intrarradicular em função da fonte fotoativadora e do momento de aplicação da luz. Os espaços para cimentação dos pinos foram preparados em caninos tratados endodonticamente. As raízes foram distribuídas em seis grupos (n = 10) de acordo com a fonte fotoativadora e momento de exposição à luz: I) Luz halógena (LH) com densidade de potência 600 mW/cm² + fotoativação imediata (t0); II) LH + fotoativação após 10 min (t10); III) LED com densidade de potência 800 mW/cm² (LED-800)+ t0; IV) LED-800 + t10; V) LED com densidade de potência 1.500 mW/cm² (LED-1500)+ t0; VI) LED-1500 + t10. Após a cimentação dos pinos, slicesdas regiões cervical, média e apical foram submetidos ao teste de push-out e avaliação das falhas. Verificou-se que LED-800 (4,40 ± 3,00 MPa) e LED-1500 (4,67 ± 3,04 MPa) proporcionaram resistência de união estatisticamente superior à LH (3,13 ± 1,76 MPa) (p<0,05), e não diferiram entre si (p>0,05).Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante da resistência de união entre t0 e t10 (p>0,05). A região cervical (4,75 ± 3,10 MPa) apresentou maiores valores de resistência de união que a apical (3,32 ± 2,30 MPa) (p<0,05) e a região média (4,14 ± 2,60 MPa) mostrou valores intermediários. Falhas adesivas foram predominantes no grupo LH, independentemente da região pino/canal. A parte apical apresentou predomínio de falhas adesivas e mistas. Concluiu-se que a resistência de união do cimento resinoso à dentina intrarradicular foi maior no terço cervical,com fotoativação com LED, independente do momentode exposição à luz.

Influence of thicknesses of smear layer on the transdentinal cytotoxicity and bond strength of a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement

This study evaluated the transdentinal cytotoxicity (TC) and the bond strength (BS) of a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC) applied to dentin covered with smear layer (SL) of different thicknesses. Forty dentin discs had thick (TSL) or thin (THSL) smear layer created on their occlusal side. In artificial pulp chambers, MDPC-23 cells were seeded on the pulpal side of the dentin discs and divided into five groups: G1TC: no treatment (control); G2TC: TSL + RMGIC; G3TC: THSL + RMGIC; G4TC: TSL removal + RMGIC; G5TC: THSL removal + RMGIC. After 24 h, cell metabolism and morphology were evaluated by the methyltetrazolium (MTT) assay and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. For BS, the following groups were determined: G1BS: TSL removal + RMGIC; G2BS: THSL removal + RMGIC; G3BS: TSL + RMGIC; G4BS: THSL + RMGIC. Shear bond strength was tested to failure in a mechanical testing machine MTS (0.5 mm/min). Statistically significant difference was observed only between the control and experimental groups (Kruskal-Wallis, p<0.05). The metabolic activity of the viable MDPC-23 cells in G2TC, G3TC, G4TC and G5TC decreased by 54.85%, 60.79%, 64.12% and 62.51%, respectively. Mean shear bond strength values for G1BS, G2BS, G3BS and G4BS were 7.5, 7.4, 6.4 and 6.7 MPa, respectively, without significant difference among them (ANOVA, p>0.05). RMGIC presented moderate transdentinal cytotoxic effects. Maintenance or removal of smear layer did not affect the bond strength of RMGIC to dentin substrate.

Este estudo avaliou a citotoxicidade transdentinária (CT) e a resistência de união (RU) de um cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina (CIVMR) aplicado sobre dentina coberta com smear layer (SL) de diferentes espessuras. Quarenta discos de dentina tiveram smear layer espessa (TSL) ou delgada (THSL) criadas sobre a superfície oclusal. Após terem sido posicionados em câmaras pulpares artificiais, os discos de dentina receberam células MDPC-23, as quais foram semeadas sobre a supefície pulpar. Assim, os seguintes grupos foram estabelecidos: G1TC: sem tratamento (controle); G2TC: TSL + CIVMR; G3TC: THSL + CIVMR; G4TC: remoção TSL + CIVRM; G5TC: remoção THSL + CIVMR. Após 24 h, o metabolismo e morfologia celular foram avaliados pelo ensaio de metiltetrazolium (MTT) e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), respectivamente. Para BS, os seguintes grupos foram determinados: G1BS: remoção TSL + CIVRM; G2BS: remoção THSL + CIVRM; G3BS: TSL + CIVRM; G4BS: THSL + CIVMR. A resistência de união ao cisalhamento foi avaliada em uma máquina de ensaios mecânicos MTS (0,5 mm/min). Diferença estatisticamente significativa foi observada apenas entre os grupos controle e experimentais (Kruskal-Wallis, p<0,05). A redução da atividade metabólica das células MDPC-23 viáveis nos grupos G2TC, G3TC, G4TC e G5TC foi de 54,85%; 60,79%; 64,12%; e 62,51%, respectivamente. Os valores médios de resistência de união para G1BS, G2BS, G3BS e G4BS foram de 7,5; 7,4; 6,4; e 6,7 MPa, respectivamente, sem diferença significativa entre eles (ANOVA, p>0,05). O CIVMR avaliado neste estudo apresentou moderado efeito citotóxico transdentinário. A manutenção ou remoção da smear layer não afetou a resistência de união deste material resinoso ionomérico sobre a dentina.

Clinical evaluation of the failure rate of metallic brackets bonded with orthodontic composites

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate in vivo the failure rate of metallic brackets bonded with two orthodontic composites. Nineteen patients with ages ranging from 10.5 to 38.7 years needing corrective orthodontic treatment were selected for study. The enamel surfaces from second premolars to second premolars were treated with Transbond Plus-Self Etching Primer (3M Unitek). Next, 380 orthodontic brackets were bonded on maxillary and mandibular teeth, as follows: 190 with Transbond XT composite (3M Unitek) (control) and 190 with Transbond Plus Color Change (3M Unitek) (experimental) in contralateral quadrants. The bonded brackets were light cured for 40 s, and initial alignment archwires were inserted. Bond failure rates were recorded over a six-month period. At the end of the evaluation, six bond failures occurred, three for each composite. Kaplan-Meyer method and log-rank test (Mantel-Cox) was used for statistical analysis, and no statistically significant difference was found between the materials (p=0.999). Both Transbond XT and Transbond Plus Color Change composites had low debonding rates over the study period.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar in vivo a taxa de falha de braquetes metálicos colados com dois compósitos ortodônticos. Dezenove pacientes com idades entre 10,5 e 38,7 anos, que necessitavam de tratamento ortodôntico corretivo, foram selecionados para estudo. As superfícies de esmalte de segundos pré-molares a segundos pré-molares foram tratadas com Transbond Plus Self-Etching Primer (3M Unitek). Em seguida, 380 bráquetes foram colados nos dentes superiores e inferiores, como segue: 190 com compósito Transbond XT (3M Unitek) (controle) e 190 com Transbond Plus Color Change (3M Unitek) (experimental), em quadrantes contralaterais. Os bráquetes colados foram fotopolimerizados por 40 s e arcos de alinhamento inicial foram inseridos. As taxas de insucesso na adesão foram registrados durante um período de seis meses. No final da avaliação, seis falhas de adesão ocorreram, três para cada composto. Para a análise estatística foram utilizados os testes de Kaplan-Meyer e log-rank (Mantel-Cox), e não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os materiais (p=0,999). Ambos compósitos, Transbond XT e Transbond Plus Color Change, tiveram baixas taxas de descolagem durante o período de estudo.

A comparative evaluation of the shear bond strength of five different orthodontic bonding agents polymerized using halogen and light-emitting diode curing lights: An in vitro investigation.

Purpose: With the introduction of photosensitive (light-activated) restorative materials in orthodontics, various methods have been suggested to enhance the polymerization of the materials used, including use of more powerful light curing devices. Bond strength is an important property and determines the amount of force delivered and the treatment duration. Many light-cured bonding materials have become popular but it is the need of the hour to determine the bonding agent that is the most efficient and has the desired bond strength. Aim: To evaluate and compare the shear bond strengths of five different orthodontic light cure bonding materials cured with traditional halogen light and low-intensity light-emitting diode (LED) light curing unit. Materials and Methods: 100 human maxillary premolar teeth, extracted for orthodontic purpose, were used to prepare the samples. 100 maxillary stainless steel bicuspid brackets of 0.018 slot of Roth prescription, manufactured by D-tech Company, were bonded to the prepared tooth surfaces of the mounted samples using five different orthodontic bracket bonding light-cured materials, namely, Enlight, Fuji Ortho LC (resin-modified glass ionomer cement), Orthobond LC, Relybond, and Transbond XT. The bond strength was tested on an Instron Universal testing machine (model no. 5582). Results: In Group 1 (halogen group), Enlight showed the highest shear bond strength (16.4 MPa) and Fuji Ortho LC showed the least bond strength (6.59 MPa) (P value 0.000). In Group 2 (LED group), Transbond showed the highest mean shear bond strength (14.6 MPa) and Orthobond LC showed the least mean shear bond strength (6.27 MPa) (P value 0.000). There was no statistically significant difference in the shear bond strength values of all samples cured using either halogen (mean 11.49 MPa) or LED (mean 11.20 MPa), as the P value was 0.713. Conclusion: Polymerization with both halogen and LED resulted in shear bond strength values which were above the clinically acceptable range given by Reynolds. The LED light curing units produced comparable shear bond strength to that of halogen curing units.

Comparative evaluation of marginal adaptation between nanocomposites and microhybrid composites exposed to two light cure units.

Background: Recent advances in resin adhesives and restorative materials, as well as an increased demand for esthetics, have lead to the introduction of newer resin-based composites like nanocomposites and light-curing units like light emitting diodes (LEDs). Aim: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of conventional quartz tungsten halogen (QTH) curing unit and blue LED on marginal adaptation of microhybrid composite (Filtek Z250) and nanocomposite (Filtek Z350) resins. Materials and Methods: Eighty Class V cavities were prepared on, extracted human premolars and were divided into four groups of 20 each. The four groups were designed according to the restorative resin and light cure unit used microhybrid/QTH, nanocomposites/QTH, microhybrid/LED and nanocomposites/LED. After thermocycling and immersion in 2% Basic Fuschin dye solution, the teeth were sectioned and dye penetration was observed under a stereomicroscope at 20X magnification. Statistical Analysis: All the samples were scored and results were analyzed using the "Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney tests" with "Wilcoxone correction." Results: The results revealed least microleakage in microhybrid composites exposed to QTH and maximum in nanocomposites exposed to LED. Conclusion: Microhybrid composites exhibited lesser microleakage than nanocomposite resins.

Influence of light-curing units and restorative materials on the micro hardness of resin cements.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of indirect restorative materials (IRMs) and light-curing units (LCUs) on the micro hardness of dual-cured resin cement. Materials and Methods: A total of 36 cylindrical samples (2 mm thick) were prepared with dual-cured resin cement (Relyx ARC) photo-activated with either a QTH (Optilight Plus) for 40s or a LED (Radii) light-curing unit for 65s. Photo-activation was performed through the 2-mm- thick IRMs and the samples were divided into six groups (n=6) according to the combination of veneering materials (without, ceramic and indirect resin) and LCUs (QTH and LED). In the control group, the samples were light-cured with a QTH unit without the interposition of any restorative material. Vickers micro hardness test was performed on the top and bottom surfaces of each sample (load of 50 g for 15 secs). The data were statistically analyzed using a three-way ANOVA followed by Tukey x s post-hoc test ( P < 0.05). Results: There were no statistically significant differences on the top surface between the light curing-units ( P > 0.05); however, the LED provided greater hardness on the bottom surface when a ceramic material was used ( P < 0.05). The mean hardness in photo-activated samples, in which there was no interposition of indirect materials, was significantly greater ( P < 0.01). Conclusions: It may be concluded that the interposition of the restorative material decreased the micro hardness in the deeper cement layer. Such decrease, however, was lower when the ceramic was interposed and the cement light-cured with LED.

Color stability of composites subjected to accelerated aging after curing using either a halogen or a light emitting diode source

The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the color stability of three composite resins of two different shades (A3 and C3) cured with either a quartz tungsten halogen (QTH) or a light emitting diode (LED) source. Forty specimens (20 x 2 mm) were prepared for each composite (Tetric Ceram®, Heliomolar® and Esthet-X®), being 20 for each shade. In each group, 10 specimens were light-cured using the QTH unit and 10 with the LED source. The shade of the materials was evaluated before and after submitting the specimens to artificial accelerated aging (4 h UV-B/4 h condensing vapor), using a reflection spectrophotometer. deltaE means were calculated and analyzed statistically by 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's test at 5 percent significance level. Both A3 and C3 shades of Esthet-X composite resin showed the lowest color change when cured with the QTH light, while Tetric C3 cured with the QTH light showed the highest color change.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a estabilidade de cor de três compósitos polimerizados com dois tipos de unidades polimerizadoras, luz halógena ou diodo emissor de luz (LED). Quarenta amostras (20 mm de diâmetro por 2 mm de espessura) foram construídas com cada compósito (Tetric Ceram®, Heliomolar® and Esthet-X®), vinte na cor A3 e vinte na cor C3. Dentro de cada grupo, 10 amostras foram polimerizadas com luz halógena e as outras com LED. A cor dos materiais foi verificada antes e depois das amostras serem submetidas ao envelhecimento artificial acelerado (4h UV-B/4h de condensação de vapor), usando um espectrofotômetro de reflexão. As médias deltaE de foram calculadas e analisadas estatisticamente (ANOVA a dois critérios e teste de Tukey, 95 por cento). Os compósitos Esthet-X A3 e C3 demonstraram a menor alteração de cor quando polimerizados com luz halógena enquanto a resina. Tetric C3 apresentou a maior alteração de cor quando polimerizada por essa mesma fonte de luz.